Time to Militarise Hindus, Hinduise the Nation!
Subhash
Gatade
Introduction
Like every exclucivist
ideology/organisation/formation which claims to be centered around a particular
religion - may it be Islamism, Zionism, fanatic Buddhism - Hindutva has always
entertained a dream of preparing/arming its followers to fight the 'others' and
slowly albeit not so silently moving closer to usher into its dreamland of
Hindu Rashtra. Its ideologues/leaders have been candid enough to point out to
the faithfuls the 'internal enemies'' and ways to deal with them or exterminate
them. All these preparations dotted by regular drills, games and other militant
exercises serves as a counter to the the much publicised notion by the same
people that 'Hindus are Cowards' 1 or
"Islam was spread through the sword" which has been an item of belief
for the Hindutva fundamentalists.
A cursory glance at history -
preindependence as well as later - is witness to the way in which it had been
engaged in doing it surreptiously/not so surreptiously in very many ways. To
fulfill its long cherished dream, pioneers of the movement had felt no qualms
even in keeping themselves aloof from the anti-colonial struggle and focussing
themselves on strengthening unity of 'their' people. It was the same period when
a proper military school was established by Dr B S Munje, mentor of Dr Hedgewar
and one of the founders of RSS which was aimed 2"..to bring about military regeneration
of the Hindus" much on the lines of the The Balilla institutions an idea
conceived by Mussolini for the ‘military regeneration of Italy’3
Perhaps it is one of the most
inglorious chapters in their own history that Savarkar, leader of the Hindu
Mahasabha, had gone to the extent of mobilising Hindus to join the British
military - when the broad masses of the people in this part of the subcontinent
had risen in unison over the historic Quit India movement. The Hindutva
supremacists were thus engaged in strengthening
British efforts to suppress the rising tide of people’s movement. Savarkar, the
pioneer theoretician of the project of Hindu Rashtra preferred to tour India
then asking Hindu youth to join the military with a call to ‘Militarise the
Hindus, Hinduise the nation’.
The logic was simple. Whenever the
Britishers would leave then this 'militarised Hindus' would be able to take
over the destiny of the nation.
Partition and the accompanying
riots/pogroms provided these forces - much like their Islamist counterparts
across the border- enough opportunity to flex their muscles and engage
proactively in the mayhem that followed after that. The same modus operandi
continued in post-independence times as well.
Commissions appointed by governments to
look into riots in post-independence India have been consistent in underlying
the alleged role of the local level cadres of the Hindutva Brigade. Scholars of
communal conflicts who have observed /studied Hindu-Muslim riots in
post-Independent India have also talked about emergence of “institutionalised
riot systems” in which the organizations of militant Hindu nationalism are deeply
implicated.4 e.g. The demolition of Babri Mosque by hordes
of Hindutva Supremacist forces - which completed twenty five years - was also a
very organised affair - which was cloaked under ‘spontaneity of the masses’ by
interested quarters. e.g. The video magazine ‘Newstrack’ had then sent a team
of reporters on the infamous day.
The
recordings captured Hindu leaders, including .., exhorting the crowd that the
masjid must be destroyed and a temple built. ..
Rehearsals
of demolition teams practising with ropes, pick-axes and boulders were recorded
by Newstrack. The images included Bajrang Dal leader .. in khaki shorts
‘directing’ with a whistle...5
The idea of discipline and penchant for
military type action is even visible in co-travellers on the Hindutva path.
Remember what Justice Srikrishna commission - which was formed to look into
Mumbai riots in Dec 1992 and Jan 2013 - had said about Bal Thackeray. It had
unambiguously stated that Thackeray “like a veteran general commanded his loyal
Shiv Sainiks to retaliate with organised attacks against Muslims”. 6
Interestingly relative newcomers on
this path - who want to turn India into Hindu Rashtra - seem more explicit.
Organisations like Sanatan Sanstha and Hindu Janjagruti Samity (SS and HJS) -
where destruction of evildoers’ is an integral part of ‘spiritual practice’ and
where this‘destruction’ is to be done at ‘physical and psychological
level’, seekers ( called ‘Sadhaks) are
also provided with training in arms – rifles, trishuls, lathis and other
weapons’ to facilitate this ‘Dharm Kranti’ (religious revolution) .7 A very important text in the training of the
seekers/ Sadhaks is ‘Texts on Defence’ where seekers of divine kingdom
are also imparted training with air rifles ( Vol 3 H – Self Defence Training, Chapter
6, Page 108-109)8
In fact, 'Shadow Armies' a recent book
by veteran political journalist Dhirendra K Jha, 9 takes a close look at burgeoning of such
fringe organizations such as the Sri Ram Sene, the Hindu Yuva Vahini, the
Sanatan Sanstha and the Hindu Aikya Vedi apart from few affiliated
organisations of the RSS itself which according to the author 'stir up trouble,
polarize communities, incite violence in the name of Hindutva.' It is common
knowledge that there is a very symbiotic relationship between the BJP and these
'Shadow Armies'. They have accompanied
BJP's steady advance over the last three decades from two Lok Sabha seats in
1984 to 282 in 2014.
With the ascent of Hindutva Supremacism
at the centre all these efforts have received a tremendous boost and they have further
developed ways to put the faithfuls further on a militant/radical/violent path.
The advent of the vigilante mobs has
been an outcome of this changed/charged ambience only.
1.
Lynch India or Normalisation of
Vigilante Violence
A
mob of 200 to 250 people in Panijuri village beat to death Nilotpal Das, 29,
and Abhijit Nath, 30, who had arrived from Guwahati to see a nearby waterfall,
on Friday night.
Officers
have blamed the killings on "fake news" circulating across social
media for the past few days about child kidnappers from outside Assam being on
the prowl across the state.10
As we go to the press, Assam and one of
its districts Karbi Anglong is in the news for the killing of Nilotpal Basu and
Abhijit Nath by a mob of 200 to 250 people in a village Panijuri, Karbi
Anglong. Reports are also coming in which tell that retaliatory violence has
also occurred where people from Karbi Anglong have come under attack elsewhere.
Any close watcher of the unfolding
situation knows that such incidents are no exception these days. Some time back
Tamil Nadu was in the news for killing of innocents by agitated mob over a fake
whatsapp messages about child kidnappers. Vigilantism has become a new marker
of the 'new India' which is much talked about by the present rulers.
An idea about the spurt in vigilante
violence could be had from these figures which show how 'cow related crimes' -
which form the most important constituent of such violence - that led to deaths
have shot up''. Remember 97 per cent of these attacks occurred after 2014 and
84 % of those killed in these attacks were Muslims.
Year
Killed11
2010 0
2011 0
2012 1
2013 1
2014 3
2015 12
2016 24
2017 37
The characteristic features of this
unfolding violence are evident to even laypersons.
The violence is such that victims can
be easily turned into ‘real perpetrators’ and the perpetrators are projected as
‘martyrs’. Remember killing of five
dalits in Dulina, Jhajjar supposedly for skinning a dead cow in the year 2003
when a thousand strong mob had thrashed the hapless group in front of police
station and in the presence of senior officers of the administration and the
police had ‘lodged’ a case against the dead persons for ‘provoking the people.’
Another important thing to remember is
that there is nothing spontaneous about it. Despite outward packaging of a
sudden outrage, all such actions are well organised affairs, where the
perpetrators know it very well that their public display of violence or even
its recording or sharing it with a larger audience via social media etc is not
going to have any impact on them. If anyone has any doubts about the planning
which goes into it one can have a look at the a judgement of Punjab Haryana high
court regarding the self-proclaimed ‘cow protector’ vigilante groups which it
delivered two years back or report of Director General of Police, Gujarat
during Una movement wherein the officer had castigated network of such cow
vigilante groups in no uncertain terms and called for action against them. 12
Laxity of the police and the
administrative machinery has rather become a common feature of such violence.
While the mob attacks the victims under whatever pretext it can think of, the
police - the most visible of the state’s arm - normally turns a mute spectator
or at times even prods the attackers. One can have a cursory glance at the
spate of such killing incidents which were reported across India in the initial
years of this regime to understand the dynamic and also comprehend the growing
‘normalisation of brutality
To
name a few, lynching of two young men near Latehar after their brutal torture
near Latehar, Jharkhand by cow vigilantes ; killing an adolescent near Udhampur
who was sleeping in truck by throwing petrol bomb under the suspicion that the
truck was carrying beef ; near riot like situation which emerged in Palwal,
Haryana because of cow vigilantes attack on a truck carrying meat or the way
two transporters were fed cow dung laced with urine when they were found
transporting cattles for sale near Gurgaon. Scan the internet to watch the
‘valour’ of these fanatics and you will find scores of such criminal attacks on
innocents. ..and how there has been no action against them from the law and
order people. 13
Normally religious minorities, dalits
along with dissenting voices of various kinds happen to be the usual targets of
such violence. It is a different matter that with the spiralling of such
violence people from majority community are also coming under attack as
witnessed in the latest killings in Karbi Anglong.
Media, which is called as ‘watchdog of
democracy’ seems to have largely abandoned its critical role and barring
exceptions it thus either maintains silence over such incidents of organised
violence or remains content in presenting a majoritarian viewpoint or even at
times provokes people to join the ‘outrage’.
Judiciary, which is reported to be
custodian of the constitution, is also found to be wanting on this front.
Even if it is not possible immediately
to comprehend the whole dynamic but it is worth noting how a vigilante mob
slowly merges into the state and vice versa and how the much cherished rule of
law is put on its head or how the state ‘outsources’ work of silencing
dissident voices to such mobsters.
Analysing the reasons for vigilantism,
scholar Christophe Jaffrelot dissects the vision and role of the RSS which has
always intended to 'transform society from within, by instilling its own sense
of discipline into it, which it thought was required for defending Hindus more
effectively'. For him as the Hindu Nationalists, 'do not want the state to
prevail over society and want the society to regulate itself, as per the
emphasis on social order and “harmony” or hierarchy, that is suggested in the
Hindutva ideology', the fact that the vigilantes “do the job” is very
convenient for them. 14
Vigilante violence - aided, abetted by
leaders/organisations - or emerging on its own could be just considered tip of
the iceberg where the larger question to address is how this preparation/arming
of people is on or how today propagators/peddlers of this exclucivist ideology
feel emboldened with change in regime at the centre.
2.
Time to Militarise Hindus ?
Would it be possible to imagine that
leader of any organisation openly declaring that her/his people/activists have
the ability to prepare an “army” in three days , can be deployed on the front
within three days, questions the ability of the security forces for quick
operations, and does not face any legal hassles ?
A lesser mortal would have been
definitely hauled up for such ‘’ánti-national” act.
Well, nothing of that sort happened
when the numero uno of RSS Mohan Bhagwat made similar claims in a speech
in Muzaffarpur, Bihar which caused tremendous uproar in the country. 15 Forget any hassles what one witnessed was
unbelievable. A minister of the government rushed to Bhagwat’s defence. 16
The clarification of sorts provided by
the Akhil Bharatiya Prachaar Pramukh of the RSS, Manmohan Vaidya, about
this controversial statement added further insult to injury :
“..[B]hagwat ji had said that if a situation arises and the
Constitution permits, Indian Army would take six months to prepare society,
whereas swayamsevaks can be trained in three days as swayamsevaks practise
discipline regularly. ..”17
While debate continued around the
‘ínsult’ heaped by the RSS Supremo on the army, one was bit surprised over the
candidness with which Mohan Bhagwat spoke , frankly admitting what goes on
within this ‘biggest cultural organisation in the world’. In fact there are
rare occasions when you get to hear such clear cut statements from people
associated with it. e.g. Not very many
people would remember today that when involvement of Hindutva fanatics in
terror acts had made headlines, and RSS had found itself on the defensive, Mohan Bhagwat had made this significant
statement talking to RSS members in Surat
..of the majority of the people whom the government has
accused (in various blast cases), a few had left voluntarily and a few were
told by the Sangh that this extremism will not work here so you go away...18
No doubt a combination of strict
discipline, military type of training and action against the óther’ pervades
the broad universe of Hindutva organisations.
Could it be said that Bhagwat’s claim
was ‘a slip of toungue’ or was an empty boast made to boost the morale of its
cadres or he was serious about it.
While one can debate the timing of the
statement, but nobody can say that he did not mean what he said or is ignorant
of what he meant.
Reports galore where affiliated
organisations of RSS - namely Bajrang Dal, Durga Vahini - are seen imparting
training supposedly for self-defence which also involves rifle training 19
Gone are the days when only lathi
wielding Swayamsevaks of the Sangh use to march on streets on VijayaDashami
/Dusshera as part of their route marches called 'Path Sanchalan' in their
lexicon, reports keep appearing here and there how some of these volunteers or
volunteers of other affiliated organisations join these programmes with swords,
pistols and rifles as well these days 20and have no qualms even firing in air
to communicate their message. 21
And of late, armed processions of
Hindutva volunteers/supporters under the pretext of religious celebrations,
have become quite common in large parts of north India - which have caused
spurt in communal tensions at various places.
Such armed processions as part of
religious celebrations remind one of the stock in trade trick of every type of
fundamentalist where it tries to transplant religious symbols and rituals from
the sphere of the sacred to the soil of the profane. This helps to create an
illusion of religious legitimacy to what is is essentially a political use of
the faith system in operation called religion. Burning crosses carried by the
infamous Ku Klux Klan - a Christian terrorist organizations in the United
States, which advocates extremist reactionary currents such as white supremacy,
white nationalism, anti-immigration and anti-communism -, the use of the noble
concept of Jihad by the Fassadi terrorist or the likes of Al Qaeda ; or the
conscious use of the image of Ram via-a-vis the Ayodhya temple movement by the
Hindutva brigade illustrates this exercise.
3.
From 'Trishul Deekshas' to 'Armed
Processions'
All
societies have traditions, a set of myths, symbols and practices passed down
from generation to generation, which provide a certain degree of comfort that
comes from familiarity. Societies undergoing rapid change, however, do not have
the luxury of enjoying the psychological comfort that real traditions can
provide because the social patterns for which the tradition made sense no
longer exist. These societies end up inventing ’traditions’, quite like museum
shops ’manufacture’ antiques.’ 22
If Trishul Deekshas - the distribution
of sharp edged tridents to people - under the guise of religious
ceremonies - was popularised in the
early years of the millenium, when the Vajpayi led NDA government was at the
centre, today these efforts have moved a step ahead and we have been witness to
armed processions to celebrate 'religious festivals'.
For example, the manner in which the
Hindu festivals of Ram Navmi and Hanuman Jayanti are being increasingly used by
affiliates of the RSS to foment communal tension is for everyone to see.
This year it lead to conflagrations in
Bhagalpur and Aurangabad, accompanied by tension in several other districts.
Tension was also witnessed in many parts of UP, Rajasthan and Maharashtra
although no large scale violence occurred. While in Bhagalpur - which was
witness to one of the worst communal riots in 1989 - a procession led by son of
a Union Minister, where provocative slogans were reportedly raised, culminated
in rioting, in Aurangabad also a Ramnavmi rally which was taken out through a
Muslim majority area culminated in rioting and curfew had to be imposed.
Districts like Gaya, Siwan and Kiamur also reported communal tension as a
result of provocative processions on Ram
Navmi.
As reported elsewhere lot of planning
had gone in to make these religious sounding processions more effective.
- Distribution of swords, CDs and pen
drives - containing Islamophobic songs - were already completed so that they
could be played on loud speakers during the Rama Navami processions
-
Sample one of these provocative 'songs'which was already distributed and
was to be played on loud speakers during the procession.
‘Pakistan mein bhejo ya qatleaam kar dalo, aasteen ke
saanpon ko na dugdh pilakar palo’
'Jis din jaag utha hindutva to yeh anjam bolega, topi wala
bhi sar jhuka kar Jai Shri Ram Bolega’
‘Dur hato Allah walon, kyun janmabhoomi ko ghera hai, masjid
kahin aur banao tum, yeh Ram Lalla ka dera hai’
‘Sun lo mullon Pakistani, ghusse men hain Baba Barfani’ 23
What was worth underlining that all
these songs were uploaded on YouTube more than a year ago and had already
fetched millions of views.
The author further adds that
highly-placed officials in the state had told him that around 2 lakh
sharp-edged weapons were consigned to the affected districts from outside the
state. Sword sellers in Sonepur fair had run out of stock just two days after
the fair was inaugurated, which could mean that preparations for the violence
have been going on for a long time. If sources are to be believed, these were
imported from outside and distributed across the districts for free. One
businessman from Patna had alone placed an order for 50,000 swords from a
supplier in Meerut, in Uttar Pradesh. 24
Few commonalities in all such
processions could be easily deciphered :
-
Armed Processions under the name of local Puja or celebration committee
-
Insistence on taking rowdy processions
-
Shouting anti-Muslim slogans
-
trying to enter Muslim majority areas without permission
-
clashing with police
Much like Bihar, West Bengal also witnessed
flare up of communal tension in different districts in the aftermath of these
'religious processions.' Armed processions which were carried out in different
parts of the state on the occasion resulted in communal tension in Purulia
district, Raniganj, Burdwan district leading to few deaths. 24-Parganas
district and Murshidbad district also witnessed communal tension where rioters
carrying saffron flags and arms not only vandalised property on a large scale
but also tore down freedom fighter and former education minister Maulana Abdul
Kalam’s statue.
If Trishul Deeksha was used as a
'religious symbol' in the early part of 21 st century, with growing strength at
the political and social level, this symbol has been replaced with armed
'religious processions' by the same Hindutva right. Of course, nobody can miss
the difference in the two. It is worth emphasising that the civil society
groups in Rajasthan did not limit themselves in ’explaining’ the heightened
communal mobilisation because of Trishul distribution but with organisations
liked PUCL leading from the front even pressurised the then Gehlot government -
thru petitions and public protests - not only to bring the VHP Trishul under
the purview of the Arms Act but also prosecute VHP leaders like Togadia who had
been making communal hate speeches in the Trishul distribution ceremonies and
otherwise.
While 'Trishul Deekshas' in different
parts of the country had prompted a strong secular response - which ultimately
led to inclusion of trident distribution under arms act - and the arrest of
Praveen Togadia, the then leading light of the Hindutva brigade, we are yet to see any comparable response to
this orchestred and planned attempts at communal polarisation via religious
processions.
It is now history how slowly this
campaign to distribute Trishul also lost steam n with exit of BJP from the
centre not much was heard about it. Is not it time today to rally our voices so
that the ongoing turmoil vis-a-vis armed religious procession could be
controlled/reined in and all such forces of equality. progress and justice
are strengthened.
-------------------
Notes/ References
1. https://francoisgautier.me/2013/02/10/are-hindus-cowards/
2 Apart from Dr Hedgewar, and Dr B S Munje, Dr L V Paranjpe, Dr B
B Thalkar and Baburao Savarkar - V.D. Savarkar’s brother were present at the
inaugural meeting of RSS on Vijaya Dashmi - Ref : Page 16, Khaki Shorts and
Saffron Flags, Tapan Basu, Pradip Datta, Sumit Sarkar, Tanika Sarkar, Sambuddha
Sen,
3. It is aimed
“..to bring about military
regeneration of the Hindus and to fit Hindu youths for undertaking the entire
responsibility for the defence of their motherland. ... to educate them in the
‘Sanatan Dharma’, and to train them “in the science and art of personal and
national defence” (‘Central Hindu Military Education Society,’ NMML, Munje
Papers, subject files, n 24,
1932-36)
In one of the first exhaustive writeup “”Hindutva’s foreign tie-up
in the 1930s: Archival evidence” in
Economic & Political Weekly, January 22, 2000 Marzia Casolari (
http://www.epw.in/journal/2000/04/special-articles/hindutvas-foreign-tie-1930s.html)
had provided details of Dr Munje’s tour of Italy, his meeting with Mussolini
and his impressions of The Balilla institutions an idea conceived by Mussolini for the ‘military
regeneration of Italy’ and his resolve to to develop similar institution with
‘’our institution Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh”
India and particularly
Hindu India need some such institution for the military regeneration of the
Hindus: so that the artificial distinction so much emphasised by the
British of martial and non-martial classes amongst the Hindus may disappear.
Our institution of Rashtriya Swayamsewak Sangh of Nagpur under Dr Hedgewar is
of this kind, though quite independently conceived. I will spend the rest of my
life in developing and extending this Institution of Dr Hedgewar all throughout
the Maharashtra and other province
( From Munje Diary,
http://www.frontline.in/cover-story/moonje-mussolini/article6756630.ece)
This military school had come under scanner when investigations
started to unearth the sprawling network of Hinduva terror when it was
discovered that premises of this school were used for holding military style
training camps for band of fanatics. Reports had appeared in a section of the
press that ‘[t]here are leads of some Hindu leaders from Bangladesh having
attended the training camps held at the Bhonsala Military School, “(outlook 23
Nov 2008).
4. http://www.paulbrass.com
the_ production_ of_ hindu_ muslim_ violence _in _ contemporary
_india_16681.htm
5. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/saw-this-liberhan/story-ALJ1Ynv7TIZIrBYZs3VdEO.html
6. https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19980817-srikrishna-panel-report-indicts-shiv-sena-chief-bal-thackeray-for-role-in-1993-mumbai-riots-826921-1998-08-17
7.
http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/history-background-of-sanatan-sansthas-war-on-evildoers/
8. For further details see :
https://kafila.online/2008/07/03/spiritual-as-communal/
9. Juggernaut Books, 2017
10.
https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/in-assam-2-men-out-to-capture-night-sounds-lynched-on-suspicion-of-being-236590
11. (https://thewire.in/communalism/cow-vigilantism-violence-2017-muslims-hate-crime;
http://data.indiaspend.com/hate-crime)
12.
https://countercurrents.org/2017/06/05/who-loves-mob-violence-unfolding-hindu-rashtra-in-slow-motion/
13. https://countercurrents.org/2016/08/25/dalit-uprising-and-after-why-hindutva-would-not-be-the-same-again/
14.
http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/over-to-the-vigilante-gau-rakshak-cultural-policing-beef-ban-4653305/
15. What Anand Sharma, spokesperson of the Congress said was more
scathing. Demanding Bhagwat’s apology and a response from PM on this remarks,
it said how the statement itself and the clarification provided smacked of a
dangerous mindset.
“What the RSS chief has
said is deeply disturbing and unacceptable. It amounts to insulting the Indian
Army. Mohan Bhagwat’s statement about mobilising RSS supporters like an Army
also means he talking about RSS running a private militia. We have already seen
the dangerous consequences of such private militia in Afghanistan, in the form
of IS in Syria and in many African countries such as Angola. We will not allow
such a design in India,”
//economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/62882144.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst
In India, all this takes place within a discourse of Hindu-Muslim
hostility that denies the deliberate and purposive character of the violence by
attributing it to the spontaneous reactions of ordinary Hindus and Muslims,
locked in a web of mutual antagonisms said to have a long history. In the meantime,
in post-Independence India, what are labelled Hindu-Muslim riots have more
often than not been turned into pogroms and massacres of Muslims, in which few
Hindus are killed. In fact, in sites of endemic rioting, there exist what I
have called “institutionalized riot systems,” in which the organizations of
militant Hindu nationalism are deeply implicated. ..
(http://www.paulbrass.com/the_production_of_hindu_muslim_violence_in_contemporary_india_16681.htm)
16.http://indianexpress.com/article/india/kiren-rijiju-defends-mohan-bhagwat-trinamool-congress-calls-him-minister-of-sangh-5061058/
17.
(https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rss-clarifies-on-mohan-bhagwats-statement-over-army/articleshow/62882144.cms)
18. (‘No place for radicals in RSS, says Bhagwat’, The Indian
Express, Delhi, 11-01-2011, p. 3 quoted in
https://www.countercurrents.org/shamsul200113.pdf)
19.
https://www.newsgram.com/durga-vahini-a-self-defense-program-for-hindu-women-in-india
; https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/j-k-girls-turn-up-in-huge-numbers-at-durga-vahini-training-camp-for-self-defence-exercise-325387.html
20.
(http://www.dailypioneer.com/STATE-EDITIONS/bhopal/uproar-over-arms-display-assembly-adjourned.html;
https://sikhsiyasat.net/2014/10/07/brandishing-revolvers-and-other-weapons-rss-activists-march-in-jaitu-town-of-faridkot/)
21.
(http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/arms-on-show-at-rss-rally/266804/)
(https://newsclick.in/dissecting-communal-riots-bihar-two-lakh-swords-and-plenty-hateful-songs)
22. Meera Nanda, The God Market, How Globalisation is Making India
More Hindu
23.
https://newsclick.in/dissecting-communal-riots-bihar-two-lakh-swords-and-plenty-hateful-songs
24. https://newsclick.in/dissecting-communal-riots-bihar-two-lakh-swords-and-plenty-hateful-songs
0 comments:
Post a Comment